The Bank of England’s approach to enforcement

What is the role of enforcement? 

Through regulation, the Bank sets out rules, and develops standards and policies that set out what we require and expect of PRA-authorised firms, financial market infrastructures (‘FMIs’) and those involved in their management. Through supervision, the Bank monitors and assesses whether PRA-authorised firms and FMIs are meeting our requirements and expectations. See the Bank’s approach to supervision of FMIs. 

Together with the Financial Conduct Authority, the Bank and PRA are also responsible for regulating and overseeing critical third parties to the UK financial sector. See the Approach to the oversight of critical third parties.

Where firms are not meeting our requirements and expectations, the Bank can take action – supervisory or enforcement – to reduce the risks that might arise. This can be by way of imposing a financial penalty or public censure. The Bank can also prohibit an individual from working in the regulated financial services sector.

The Bank’s approach to enforcement supports and supplements our regulatory and supervisory tools by ensuring that we have credible mechanisms for holding our regulated community to account where they do not meet our requirements and expectations and providing a wider deterrent effect. We are committed to holding individuals to account and, where appropriate, taking regulatory and/or enforcement action against those individuals who breach our standards.

This way we clearly set out, for the benefit of the whole regulated community, the actions and standards of behaviour we consider unacceptable.

Related links

The Bank’s approach to enforcement: statutory statements of policy and procedure PS1/24 – The Bank of England’s approach to enforcement
Enforcement Decision Making Committee
PRA’s approach to supervision of the banking and insurance sectors
The Bank’s approach to Financial Market Infrastructures supervision
Approach to the oversight of critical third parties
A sea change in regulatory investigations and enforcement – speech by David Chaplin
The Bank of England’s approach to enforcement: a decade in the making − speech by Oliver Dearie

How do we exercise our investigation and enforcement powers?

Our Approach to Enforcement explains what we expect of PRA-authorised firms and FMIs and how we use our powers. 

The Bank has a number of investigatory and enforcement powers under the various statutory regimes for which it has regulatory responsibility, specifically:

• Prudential supervision by the PRA;
• Entities involved in securitisation which are not PRA-authorised;
• Supervision of FMIs;
• Resolution;
• The Scottish and Northern Ireland banknotes regime;
• Oversight of entities involved in the distribution of wholesale cash; and
• Oversight of Critical Third Parties.

The Approach to Enforcement provides an overview of the Bank’s enforcement powers under the Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (‘FSMA’), the Banking Act (‘BA09’) and any other legislation under which the Bank has civil or criminal enforcement powers.

Before taking disciplinary action against a firm or an individual, we usually investigate whether (and if so, which) regulatory requirements have been breached. Our Approach to Enforcement includes statements of policy and procedure relating to:

• statutory notices and decision making;
• financial penalties;
• suspensions and restrictions;
• settlement;
• publicity of regulatory action; and
• the conduct of interviews pursuant to section 169(7) FSMA.

For more information on the Bank’s Statement of Policy and procedure which applies to contested PRA enforcement cases please see the Enforcement Decision Making Committee page. 

The 'Bank’s Investigation Referral Criteria’ sets out the considerations we take into account when deciding whether or not it is appropriate for us to investigate a matter, and to determine which of our responses and/or investigation tools is appropriate.

The Bank’s ‘Regulatory Investigations Guide’ provides, at a high level, a ‘roadmap’ of our investigation and enforcement processes. It is intended as a reference for firms and individuals who are the subjects (or potential subjects) of a PRA or FMI investigation, and their advisors.

How have our investigation and enforcement powers developed?

The Bank has a number of investigatory and enforcement powers under various statutory regimes.   

In January 2024, the Bank replaced and consolidated all relevant policies and procedures in relation to the Bank’s enforcement powers (including the PRA Approach to Enforcement) in a single Bank Approach to Enforcement. Before the changes entered into force the proposals were explained in a speech by Olie Dearie, then Head of the Bank’s Enforcement and Litigation Division.

In addition to the creation of a single Bank Approach to Enforcement, the changes included:

• creating a new early account scheme ('EAS') for appropriate cases. This provides a mechanism for subjects of PRA, FMI and wholesale cash distribution investigations to provide a full account, and all relevant material, to use at the outset of investigations;
• incentivising early admissions by subjects through the introduction of an enhanced settlement discount in appropriate cases of up to 50%;
• changing how the Bank calculates financial penalties for PRA firms to provide more consistency, and to better align with our approach with the PRA’s approach to supervising firms; and 
• updating the serious financial hardship thresholds at which we will consider a reduction in fines for individuals. 

The Bank published its Policy Statement – PS 1/24  – and Approach to Enforcement on 30 January 2024.

The Financial Services and Markets Act 2023 ('FSMA 2023') introduced several important updates to the UK’s regulatory framework for financial services, and certain of these changes create new, or expand existing, enforcement powers of the Bank (including the PRA). On 28 March 2024, the Bank further consulted the proposed changes to the Approach to Enforcement following FSMA 2023. Following the consultation, the Bank published its final policy statement and updated Approach to Enforcement on 12 November 2024. 

In a speech in June 2026, David Chaplin, the Head of the Bank’s Enforcement and Litigation Division explained how recent enforcement policy changes, including the launch of the EAS, have prompted a shift towards earlier engagement and candour in regulatory investigations. 

How has the Bank used its enforcement powers?

Below are details of the enforcement actions that we have taken to date, with links to the underlying Final or Decision Notices.

* Joint action with FCA. The FCA imposed separate enforcement sanctions.

Open investigations

We also provide details of how many investigations are open at any time. For the purposes of these statistics, an investigation is considered open from the time that we have appointed investigators until either it is closed, or a Settlement Agreement is entered into or, in contested cases, a Final Notice under the FSMA or a Notice under the BA09 is issued.  

Each firm or individual under investigation is counted for these purposes, even if they are related (eg if we are investigating a firm and two individuals at said firm, that would count as three investigations). 

Total open investigations at the end of each year – previous five years

This table includes investigations conducted by the Bank in its capacity as the PRA, and by the Bank into FMIs and service providers specified by His Majesty’s Treasury in relation to a recognised payment system.

	31 December 2025	31 December 2024	31 December 2023	31 December 2022	31 December 2021
Firms	4	6	5	8	7
Individuals	5	10	11	15	11
Total	9	16	16	23	18

We do not usually make public the fact that we are investigating a particular firm or individual.

Statutory supervisory powers

The Bank of England also has various supervisory powers under relevant legislation.

For example, FSMA also grants the PRA formal powers, which can be used in a supervisory context. For example, we can vary a PRA-authorised firm’s permissions to undertake regulated activities or require a firm to undertake or stop an action. We can also approve (subject to conditions) an application for an individual to perform a senior (insurance) management function. Our approach to deploying these powers is set out in the PRA's approach documents.

Use of these powers does not mean that a firm has breached our rules or requirements.  

We have used these powers in a number of instances. In certain circumstances, in line with legal requirements, these are made public. For example, we have made the following uses of its statutory powers public:

Date	Matter
20 November 2014	Final Notice to Lower Iveagh Credit Union Limited (in Liquidation) cancelling its permissions.
23 May 2016	Final Notice to Spa Credit Union Limited cancelling its permissions.
9 May 2018	Voluntary Requirements imposed on Barclays Bank plc and Barclays Bank UK plc concerning whistleblowing.
23 December 2019	Voluntary Requirements imposed on Society of Lloyds concerning whistleblowing.
21 December 2020	Voluntary Requirements imposed on Tokio Marine Kiln Insurance Limited and Tokio Marine Kiln Syndicates Limited concerning whistleblowing.
16 August 2022	Notice to Sonali Bank (UK) Limited.
27 August 2024	Decision Notice to Cardenden & Kinglassie Credit Union Limited.
27 August 2024	Decision Notice to South Airdrie Credit Union Limited.
4 September 2024	First Supervisory Notice to PCF Bank Limited
23 September 2024	Final Notice to Cardenden & Kinglassie Credit Union Limited.
23 September 2024	Final Notice to South Airdrie Credit Union Limited.