Overview
Developments in lenders’ balance sheets are of key interest in our assessment of economic conditions. Changes in the price, quantity and composition of lenders’ funding may affect their willingness or ability to lend, and the price of lending. We use this quarterly survey of banks and building societies to improve our understanding of the role lenders’ liabilities and capital play in driving credit and monetary conditions. We ask lenders about the past three months and the coming three months. The survey covers developments in:
- the volume and price of bank funding;
- the loss-absorbing capacity of banks as determined by their capital positions; and
- the internal price charged to business units within individual banks to fund the flow of new loans (sometimes referred to as the ‘transfer price’).
This report presents the results of the 2022 Q4 survey. It was conducted between 21 November and 9 December 2022. Any impact from more recent developments will therefore not be captured.
Lenders were asked to report changes in the three months to end-November 2022 (Q4), relative to the period between June and August (Q3), and expected changes in the three months to end-February 2023 (Q1), relative to the period between September and November.
The results are based on lenders’ own responses to the survey, and are reported as net percentage balances. The results do not necessarily reflect our views on developments in bank liabilities. You can read a guide to interpreting the survey and copies of the questionnaires at the end of this page.
You can also find more information about the survey in the 2013 Q1 Quarterly Bulletin article ‘The Bank of England Bank Liabilities Survey’.
The 2023 Q1 Bank Liabilities Survey will be published on 13 April 2023.
Funding
- Lenders reported that total funding volumes increased in the three months to end-November 2022 (Q4). Within the total, lenders reported that ‘other’ funding – which includes wholesale debt funding, wholesale deposits and funding via central bank operations – increased and retail deposit funding slightly increased (Chart 1). Total funding volumes were expected to be unchanged in the three months to end-February 2023 (Q1).
- Lenders reported that the cost of funding – relative to appropriate reference rates – decreased on retail deposits and slightly increased on ‘other’ funding in Q4. These costs were expected to increase slightly for ‘other’ funding, and decrease for retail deposits over the next quarter (Chart 2).
- Lenders reported that the supply of deposits from households decreased in Q4, and was expected to decrease further over the next quarter. The supply of deposits from private non-financial corporations (PNFCs) slightly decreased in Q4, and was expected to decrease in Q1 (Chart 3).
- Lenders reported that the proportion of wholesale market funding accounted for by long-term instruments slightly increased in Q4, and was expected to decrease in Q1.
- Lenders reported that UK investor demand for wholesale bank debt increased and demand from non-UK investors increased in Q4 (Chart 4). The demand from both UK and non-UK investors was expected to increase in Q1.
Footnotes
- (a) Net percentage balances are calculated by weighting together the responses of those lenders who answered the question. The aqua bars show the responses over the previous three months. The orange diamond shows the expectation over the next three months. Expectations data can be used as an indicator of the potential direction and magnitude of the change expected in the next quarter, but should not be treated as a realised outturn. Previous expectations balances are available in full in the annex.
- (b) Question: ‘How have funding volumes changed?’.
- (c) A positive balance indicates an increase in funding volumes.
Capital
- Lenders reported that total capital levels increased in Q4, but were expected to decrease in Q1 (Chart 5).
- Lenders reported that the average cost of capital increased in Q4, but was expected to decrease slightly in Q1.
Transfer pricing
- Lenders reported that the internal price charged to business units to fund the flow of new loans – sometimes referred to as the ‘transfer price’ – increased in Q4, and was expected to increase in Q1 (Chart 6).
How to interpret this survey
The results are based on lenders’ own responses to the survey. They do not necessarily reflect our views on developments in bank liabilities. To calculate aggregate results, each lender is assigned a score based on their response. Lenders who report that conditions have changed ‘a lot’ are assigned twice the score of those who report that conditions have changed ‘a little’. These scores are then weighted by lenders’ market shares. The results are analysed by calculating ‘net percentage balances’ – the difference between the weighted balance of lenders reporting that, for example, demand was higher/lower or terms and conditions were tighter/looser. The net percentage balances are scaled to lie between (+/-)100.
In this report, changes in balances are described as an ‘increase’ if greater than 10 in absolute terms, as ‘slight’ if between 5 and 10 and as ‘unchanged’ if less than 5.
Annexes
This annex provides further details of the questions referred to in the main text.
Terminology and general definitions
The following terms are used within the report:
Cost – the cost to the issuing bank of raising money via the specified form of funding.
Demand factor – a factor that influences a bank’s need or desire for a particular volume of funding or capital, holding constant any supply factors.footnote [1] These factors include price terms, such as the interest rate paid, spread charged or yield; non-price terms or market liquidity; and regulatory factors.
Supply factors – these typically include market access (ie whether markets are open or shut to issuers of debt) and investor demand in the case of wholesale debt finance or capital, as well as changing supply, unrelated to changes in prices, on the part of depositors for retail deposits.
Section 1 – Funding
This section refers to the following broad funding types:
- Total funding – all wholesale and retail funding.
- Retail funding – funding raised by banks in the form of deposits from households and private non‑financial corporations (PNFCs).
- Other funding – funding in wholesale public debt capital markets, private placement markets and directly from central bank operations.
It also refers to the following funding instruments:
Short-term funding
- Certificate of deposit – a time deposit, with maturity of less than 12 months, in the form of a promissory note that is issued by banks and can be traded in secondary markets.
- Commercial paper – a discount instrument security with maturity of less than 12 months, which can be traded in secondary markets.
- Short‑term repo/securities lending – funding raised via the sale and subsequent repurchase of a security or similar transaction, with a term of less than 12 months.
- Unsecured borrowing including deposits from other financial companies (OFCs) and interbank deposits – funding raised via deposits placed by other financial corporations and other banks.
Long-term funding
- Long‑term repo/securities lending – funding raised via the sale and subsequent repurchase of a security or similar transaction, with a term of greater than 12 months.
- Structured products: structured notes – debt instruments based on derivatives which pay coupons and a final redemption value linked to asset prices.
- Structured products: other – other structured debt instruments whose payout or structure is related to another market indicator or asset price.
- Senior unsecured debt – debt securities issued by banks that pay a coupon, along with a final redemption payment.
- Asset‑backed securities – debt securities issued by special purpose vehicles, but ultimately ‘sponsored’ by banks (or other asset originators), that pay a coupon along with a final redemption payment. The security is backed by, and cash flows come from, assets such as residential mortgage loans, commercial mortgage loans or credit card receivables.
- Covered bonds – debt securities issued by banks that pay a coupon, along with a final redemption payment. The security has an associated ‘cover pool’ of assets, such that the investor has dual recourse to both the issuer and the ‘cover pool’.
Section 2 – Capital
The following terms are used within this section:
- Total capital – the total level of capital.
- Cost of capital – the average cost of capital to the issuing institution.
- Common equity Tier 1 capital – paid‑up share capital/common stock (issued and fully paid ordinary shares/common stock) and disclosed reserves created or increased by appropriations of retained earnings or other surplus (for example, share premiums, retained profit, general reserves and legal reserves).
- Additional Tier 1 capital – going concern capital that is not included in common equity Tier 1 (for example, perpetual non‑cumulative preference shares).
- Tier 2 capital – subordinated instruments that meet the criteria for Tier 2 (and not Tier 1) capital and certain loan loss provision.
This section refers to how various factors might affect a bank’s actual and desired level of capital. These factors should be interpreted as follows:
Direct effects
- Direct effects of profits, losses, deductions and charges (UK‑specific/non‑UK specific) – how the balance of profits, losses, deductions and charges have affected the total level of capital. Deductions are defined as regulatory changes to the definition of capital: for example if a regulator defined capital more narrowly, this would reduce a bank’s total capital. The contribution of such factors is identified within the United Kingdom and outside the United Kingdom.
Factors that have affected banks’ demand for capital
- Changing economic outlook – if a bank expects the economic outlook to deteriorate then it might want to hold a higher level of total capital.
- Strategic decisions to increase/reduce risk – strategic decisions to change the size of a bank’s capital buffer above the regulatory requirement, eg if a bank decided to hold a larger capital buffer it would require more capital.
- Regulatory drivers – if regulatory authorities increased required capital levels, then a bank may need to raise more capital.
- Changes in size of balance sheet – if a bank expects the size of its balance sheet to increase then it might want to hold a higher level of capital.
- Changes in riskiness of assets – this captures changes to the riskiness of assets, or their risk weighting. If regulatory risk weightings were increased, then a bank might need to increase its level of capital. Additionally if a bank chose to hold riskier assets, its demand for capital might increase.
Supply factors
- Market conditions – covers the effects of market access and investor demand.
- Investor pressure to change volume of capital – changes due to investor concerns about the ability of the respondent to absorb losses.
The section also refers to how various factors might affect the composition of a bank’s capital. This question asks about whether economic conditions, strategic decisions to change the mix of capital, regulatory drivers, market conditions or investor demand have contributed positively or negatively to the proportion of total capital accounted for by additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital, as opposed to common equity Tier 1 capital.
Section 3 – Transfer pricing
The following terms are used within this section:
- Average absolute cost – this can be interpreted as the cost to a bank of funding the stock of loans.
- Marginal absolute cost – this can be interpreted as the cost of funding the flow of new loans, rather than the average cost of funding the stock of existing loans. This is sometimes referred to as the ‘transfer price’.
- Swaps or reference rates – the transfer price can typically be broken down into the spreads on selected debt instruments, the reference rates to which those spreads are quoted, and the cost of swapping fixed and floating‑rate payments. This question identifies the contribution to the transfer price from the latter two.
The options specified in the survey vary by question, although respondents have the option to include additional comments where relevant.
To calculate aggregate results, each lender is assigned a score based on their response. Lenders who report that funding conditions have changed ‘a lot’ are assigned twice the score of those who report that conditions have changed ‘a little’. These scores are then weighted by lenders’ market shares. The results are analysed by calculating 'net percentage balances' – the difference between the weighted balances of lenders reporting that, for example, funding volumes had increased/decreased. The net percentage balances are scaled to lie between ±100. This annex reports the net percentage balance of respondents for each question in the questionnaire.
Positive balances indicate that banks, on balance, reported/expected volumes or proportions of funding to be higher than over the previous/current three-month period; demand or supply factors to have contributed positively to volumes; or spreads to have increased relative to the previous/current three-month period (ie become more costly).
Where the survey balances are discussed, descriptions of an ‘increase’ refer to a net percentage balance greater than 10 in absolute terms, and a ‘slight’ change refers to a net percentage balance of between 5 and 10 in absolute terms. Survey balances between 0 and 5 in absolute terms are described as unchanged. The 2019 Q2 and earlier reports also described changes greater than 20 in absolute terms as ‘significant’.
The first Bank Liabilities Survey was conducted in 2012 Q4. A full set of results is available in an Excel file at the end of this page.
Net percentage balances (a)
2021
2022
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Funding
1. How have funding volumes changed? (b)
Total funding
Past three months
15.7
55.2
-12.3
17.5
-10.4
19.5
Next three months
20.2
-11.9
16.2
13.7
5.4
-1.3
Retail deposit funding
Past three months
20.2
42.2
-5.9
19.6
-23.0
7.2
Next three months
-12.7
-17.3
36.5
20.7
20.2
-13.3
Other funding
Past three months
10.7
53.2
11.0
-2.6
9.3
40.2
Next three months
28.8
-13.2
32.4
10.7
5.4
18.9
2. How has the average cost of funding changed? (c)
Retail deposit spreads relative to appropriate reference rate(s)
Past three months
-13.3
-8.4
-32.6
-39.5
-30.6
-30.5
Next three months
2.9
3.5
4.1
-0.2
-11.5
-38.7
Other funding spreads relative to appropriate reference rate(s)
Past three months
-5.8
2.8
53.0
62.1
16.3
9.6
Next three months
-11.6
1.5
24.3
24.1
12.9
8.9
Deposits
3. Factors contributing to changes in household deposit volumes: (d)
Demand factors
Rates paid relative to the cost of other liabilities
Past three months
-8.7
-4.9
7.0
7.4
9.3
34.5
Next three months
-8.7
2.4
19.5
6.8
14.3
20.8
Non-price terms
Past three months
0.6
5.6
4.9
-1.4
-6.3
5.8
Next three months
0.6
5.6
4.9
-1.4
-1.4
5.8
Market share objectives
Past three months
0.8
5.8
0.9
5.8
0.9
18.6
Next three months
0.8
5.8
12.1
11.2
7.8
17.7
Regulatory drivers
Past three months
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Next three months
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Funding structure objective (excluding those driven by regulation)
Past three months
-6.9
-6.6
-8.7
-0.2
0.1
20.3
Next three months
-6.9
-5.8
3.9
5.6
6.4
18.0
Supply factors
Changing supply of deposits by households, unrelated to rates paid or non-price terms on those deposits
Past three months
42.0
30.3
-4.4
-3.0
-22.5
-10.1
Next three months
-6.9
-14.4
16.1
-12.0
-34.4
-23.6
4. Factors contributing to changes in private non-financial corporations’ (PNFCs’) deposit volumes:
Demand factors
Rates paid relative to the cost of other liabilities
Past three months
10.6
13.3
8.0
15.4
17.6
19.2
Next three months
4.2
5.9
29.3
35.8
12.3
26.6
Non-price terms
Past three months
8.1
8.3
12.5
7.5
7.6
7.6
Next three months
8.1
8.3
12.5
7.5
12.6
2.6
Market share objectives
Past three months
6.9
5.5
-1.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Next three months
6.9
5.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Regulatory drivers
Past three months
-7.2
-0.9
-0.9
0.0
-0.9
0.4
Next three months
-7.2
-0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Funding structure objective (excluding those driven by regulation)
Past three months
-10.1
-21.8
8.2
5.6
5.6
5.6
Next three months
-10.1
-10.0
8.2
5.6
4.8
5.2
Supply factors
Changing supply of deposits by PNFCs, unrelated to rates paid or non-price terms on those deposits
Past three months
26.6
20.3
16.1
17.0
-5.3
-7.6
Next three months
9.8
-12.3
23.3
16.1
-6.8
-13.1
5. Factors contributing to changes in other financial corporations’ (OFCs’) deposit volumes:
Demand factors
Rates paid relative to the cost of other liabilities
Past three months
-22.1
2.7
27.8
-10.9
11.8
-2.7
Next three months
-8.4
21.1
31.0
-8.7
-1.9
-2.7
Non-price terms
Past three months
0.0
0.9
5.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
Next three months
0.0
0.9
5.2
0.9
0.0
0.0
Market share objectives
Past three months
-1.0
-0.9
5.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
Next three months
0.0
-0.9
5.2
0.0
0.0
0.0
Regulatory drivers
Past three months
-1.0
-0.9
-6.1
0.0
-6.9
-6.4
Next three months
-1.0
-0.9
-6.1
0.0
-6.9
-6.4
Funding structure objective (excluding those driven by regulation)
Past three months
-3.1
-15.8
10.1
-3.2
-2.5
11.7
Next three months
-17.8
10.0
10.8
-1.3
-11.1
19.3
Supply factors
Changing supply of deposits by OFCs, unrelated to rates paid or non-price terms on those deposits
Past three months
-2.6
-2.3
-8.3
-10.7
-12.0
-5.2
Next three months
-2.6
9.5
-7.2
-10.7
-12.0
-7.2
Wholesale debt funding
6. How have the proportions of wholesale market funding (excluding central bank operations) raised through the following sources changed over the past three months? (e)
Proportion of private/public issuance
Past three months
-6.7
-4.5
-21.2
-13.2
-24.5
-7.4
Next three months
-10.2
-4.4
-15.4
-20.6
-12.9
-19.1
Proportion of long-term/short-term issuance
Past three months
-10.8
0.0
8.5
-4.2
8.2
7.4
Next three months
-11.6
0.8
4.6
-1.8
-6.1
-10.0
Short-term funding
Certificates of Deposit
Past three months
8.0
-19.6
8.1
-22.1
27.1
13.9
Next three months
-8.1
21.3
24.0
14.3
-20.4
2.4
Commercial Paper
Past three months
16.1
16.8
-9.3
-17.7
-0.6
3.6
Next three months
-20.9
26.6
-0.6
6.8
5.8
12.5
Short-term repo/securities lending
Past three months
0.0
7.1
12.2
13.4
4.4
23.3
Next three months
-13.6
11.8
12.2
0.7
-5.6
19.7
Unsecured borrowing including deposits from OFCs and interbank deposits
Past three months
-7.3
3.4
44.8
-0.3
7.8
15.0
Next three months
8.8
-4.5
3.6
-16.3
-17.5
-16.4
Long-term funding
Long-term repo/securities lending
Past three months
-5.7
17.8
-3.7
3.7
3.7
-3.6
Next three months
6.2
7.4
1.5
1.5
-3.7
0.0
Structured products: structured notes
Past three months
-28.1
0.0
16.6
0.0
-16.5
0.0
Next three months
-14.9
0.0
0.0
-33.0
-16.5
16.4
Structured products: other
Past three months
-14.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Next three months
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Senior unsecured debt
Past three months
2.0
17.3
15.3
13.0
18.8
14.5
Next three months
-1.8
-10.9
14.7
9.0
26.2
11.8
Asset backed securities (excluding covered bonds)
Past three months
-20.9
-9.6
3.9
-9.6
5.5
10.5
Next three months
-22.7
-0.5
-3.1
5.5
4.2
7.0
Covered bonds
Past three months
-14.5
-3.9
5.0
9.5
25.6
1.2
Next three months
-17.3
0.9
6.5
15.3
4.1
10.5
7. How has demand for wholesale debt from the following investors changed? (f)
All investors
Past three months
13.1
-3.0
-41.7
-26.2
32.7
28.1
Next three months
0.0
6.3
-14.2
-8.4
12.6
14.2
UK investors
Past three months
13.3
-3.1
-35.8
-25.9
19.3
29.3
Next three months
0.0
5.5
-8.0
-14.3
6.4
14.3
Non-UK investors
Past three months
13.3
-3.1
-42.8
-26.3
33.5
28.8
Next three months
0.0
7.3
-21.0
-14.5
12.1
14.5
Breakdown
Retail investors
Past three months
n.a.*
n.a.*
-55.9
-42.7
16.3
19.1
Next three months
n.a.*
n.a.*
-23.4
-15.4
-16.5
0.0
Other banks
Past three months
1.0
-2.2
-29.9
-13.1
13.8
34.4
Next three months
0.0
7.3
-8.1
-0.6
1.2
12.6
Money market funds
Past three months
14.1
-3.2
-35.9
-21.1
16.1
33.0
Next three months
-11.9
0.9
-15.6
-8.6
0.7
8.5
Hedge funds
Past three months
0.7
-3.2
-34.2
-19.4
15.8
35.9
Next three months
0.0
0.0
-14.0
-12.1
-1.3
12.1
Sovereign wealth funds
Past three months
0.9
-1.4
-36.5
-21.2
14.7
35.9
Next three months
0.0
0.0
-13.9
-9.5
0.9
12.8
Insurance companies and pension funds
Past three months
-6.0
3.3
-42.8
-26.3
20.0
31.3
Next three months
-7.5
0.9
-21.3
-14.5
7.9
13.2
Other asset managers
Past three months
7.8
3.3
-35.8
-19.5
26.2
31.8
Next three months
0.0
7.2
-13.7
-7.9
1.4
15.2
Maturity of wholesale debt funding
8. Factors affecting issuance of short-term wholesale debt funding:
Demand factors
Need or desire to change size of balance sheet
Past three months
-20.1
-24.1
24.2
6.9
-5.2
12.1
Next three months
-34.5
-25.5
26.2
0.0
-5.2
12.6
Asset-liability matching
Past three months
-6.0
-7.8
8.8
6.9
0.0
0.0
Next three months
-12.9
-7.8
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Price/yield
Past three months
0.6
19.7
2.4
-15.4
4.1
2.7
Next three months
6.4
19.7
2.4
-2.6
-8.1
-8.1
Non-price terms/liquidity
Past three months
0.0
-7.4
0.0
0.0
7.4
1.6
Next three months
-6.9
-6.9
0.0
0.0
7.4
2.2
Regulatory drivers
Past three months
6.0
-7.8
-5.4
-0.9
-6.1
-2.8
Next three months
-0.9
-7.8
-5.4
-0.9
-5.2
-4.6
Supply factors
Market access
Past three months
6.9
12.8
-5.9
5.9
5.9
9.8
Next three months
12.9
12.8
-5.9
5.4
5.4
8.9
Investor demand
Past three months
35.3
22.1
-14.3
-4.4
-8.8
3.6
Next three months
-0.9
21.2
-5.2
-4.1
-3.4
-3.4
9. Factors affecting issuance of long-term wholesale debt funding:
Demand factors
Need or desire to change size of balance sheet
Past three months
-17.7
0.9
11.6
7.4
13.4
9.8
Next three months
-6.0
6.5
8.2
13.2
8.4
9.6
Asset-liability matching
Past three months
-5.7
0.9
12.1
7.2
7.3
13.4
Next three months
0.9
0.9
6.9
12.5
7.7
7.4
Price/yield
Past three months
37.5
33.9
15.9
14.8
15.9
30.9
Next three months
36.1
21.0
3.3
14.0
15.9
25.8
Non-price terms/liquidity
Past three months
12.1
10.1
-6.1
-13.2
-6.0
23.5
Next three months
19.0
8.7
-17.4
-13.2
0.4
10.4
Regulatory drivers
Past three months
20.4
14.9
5.1
12.4
11.9
25.2
Next three months
26.5
14.9
0.6
19.9
20.1
11.8
Supply factors
Market access
Past three months
27.8
26.7
-14.3
-0.9
-3.7
29.4
Next three months
18.3
33.9
-30.4
-1.5
-4.6
27.9
Investor demand
Past three months
27.8
17.5
-7.8
6.9
8.6
35.2
Next three months
18.3
26.6
-17.5
7.1
5.8
30.1
Currency of wholesale debt funding
10. How has the use of the following currency markets changed: (g)
Sterling
Past three months
3.0
-4.8
7.1
-2.8
12.0
16.6
Next three months
4.4
6.2
6.1
5.8
11.0
9.5
US dollar
Past three months
28.8
16.2
5.2
-13.8
13.8
10.1
Next three months
22.2
14.1
10.8
13.8
15.1
-15.4
Euro
Past three months
1.8
4.4
8.5
13.8
18.5
3.6
Next three months
13.6
-15.0
8.5
6.5
0.8
9.0
Other
Past three months
0.0
0.0
0.0
8.7
10.7
3.3
Next three months
0.0
0.0
8.5
8.5
5.3
0.0
11. Which of the following factors have affected non-sterling issuance:
Changes in currency mix of assets
Past three months
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Next three months
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Relative cost of funds: due to currency swap markets
Past three months
27.5
33.3
32.8
47.8
18.6
19.6
Next three months
27.5
33.3
34.3
50.1
30.1
18.2
Relative cost of funds: due to other changes
Past three months
12.3
23.4
18.5
26.8
3.8
18.6
Next three months
12.3
30.0
12.4
30.0
7.0
11.4
Availability of suitably rated currency swap counterparties
Past three months
0.0
0.9
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Next three months
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.9
0.0
0.0
Differences in regulation in different currency markets
Past three months
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-0.9
0.0
Next three months
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6.7
0.0
Differences in investor demand
Past three months
41.9
33.7
34.7
46.2
16.7
26.3
Next three months
34.1
33.7
23.3
45.3
16.7
28.5
Differences in market access
Past three months
27.5
21.8
27.1
46.2
16.7
29.5
Next three months
27.5
21.8
16.6
39.5
10.0
20.8
Footnotes
- * Data are unpublished for this question as too few responses were received.
- (a) Net percentage balances are calculated by weighting together the responses of those banks who answered the question by their market shares. Positive balances indicate that banks, on balance, reported/expected volumes or proportions of funding to be higher than over the previous/current three-month period; demand or supply factors to have contributed positively to volumes; or spreads to have increased relative to the previous/current three-month period (ie become more costly).
- (b) A positive balance indicates an increase in volume.
- (c) A positive balance indicates an increase in cost.
- (d) A positive balance indicates a positive contribution to volumes from the selected factor.
- (e) A positive balance indicates an increase in the proportion of new issuance accounted for by private issuance/long-term issuance/funding instrument.
- (f) A positive balance indicates an increase in investors’ demand for banks’ wholesale debt.
- (g) A positive balance indicates an increase in issuance denominated in the selected currency.
The methodology for calculating, and interpretation of the aggregate results are as described in Annex 2. A full set of results is available in Excel file at the end of this page.
Net percentage balances (a)
2021
2022
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Capital
1. How has the level of total capital changed?
Past three months
28.9
25.4
-16.4
13.2
19.0
25.9
Next three months
5.7
-38.9
14.1
6.7
25.0
-10.7
2. How has the average cost of capital changed?
Past three months
-23.2
11.3
44.0
10.4
39.2
16.4
Next three months
-0.8
13.4
31.7
-4.1
13.7
-8.4
3. Factors contributing to changes in total capital:
Direct effects on total capital
Direct effects of profits, losses, deductions and charges (UK-specific)
Past three months
32.1
33.0
-4.4
30.1
30.3
53.7
Next three months
36.8
10.8
29.4
36.5
45.6
39.9
Direct effects of profits, losses, deductions and charges (non-UK specific)
Past three months
-1.1
-1.2
-11.6
-0.7
-1.7
16.8
Next three months
18.5
-1.2
11.6
11.5
12.2
16.8
Factors that have affected demand for capital
Changing economic outlook
Past three months
29.9
16.8
-5.4
-13.3
-29.2
-20.4
Next three months
27.0
25.9
-5.4
-18.0
-14.0
-35.6
Strategic decisions to increase/reduce risk
Past three months
18.9
7.2
-5.5
7.4
7.5
7.1
Next three months
5.4
-4.6
-6.3
7.4
8.2
-6.4
Regulatory drivers
Past three months
0.0
1.7
-9.0
0.9
0.0
0.9
Next three months
-10.8
-5.3
2.4
-0.7
0.6
-3.5
Changes in size of balance sheet
Past three months
-4.6
5.2
-15.4
18.0
8.1
7.5
Next three months
-5.3
-16.1
2.5
1.8
-1.6
-19.6
Changes in riskiness of assets
Past three months
14.3
2.4
6.3
4.6
-12.8
-5.5
Next three months
12.6
-8.0
2.7
3.5
-3.8
-19.9
Supply factors
Market conditions
Past three months
22.0
23.0
-28.9
-31.4
-24.2
12.7
Next three months
0.0
0.9
-37.1
-32.0
-24.2
2.6
Investor pressure to change volume of capital
Past three months
0.0
0.9
-8.2
-13.5
-9.0
-5.5
Next three months
0.0
0.9
-8.2
-13.5
-9.0
-5.5
4. How has the demand for total capital from the following investors changed?
All investors
Past three months
6.4
5.1
-40.5
-45.1
8.3
21.9
Next three months
6.4
6.5
-19.4
-22.3
-7.5
0.0
UK investors
Past three months
7.4
5.2
-34.8
-52.9
8.5
34.7
Next three months
5.7
6.6
-13.2
-28.6
-6.8
0.9
Non-UK investors
Past three months
8.2
5.8
-60.2
-51.9
8.4
23.7
Next three months
8.2
7.3
-36.4
-27.2
-9.5
1.0
Breakdown
Retail investors
Past three months
n.a.*
n.a.*
-40.8
-40.8
n.a.*
26.3
Next three months
n.a.*
n.a.*
0.0
-20.4
n.a.*
0.0
Other banks
Past three months
7.5
6.0
-49.1
-36.5
11.5
29.2
Next three months
6.5
7.6
-20.0
-23.2
-10.4
-1.2
Hedge funds
Past three months
8.4
5.9
-53.2
-45.7
10.6
25.4
Next three months
7.4
8.5
-28.8
-19.3
-8.7
-1.0
Sovereign wealth funds
Past three months
7.5
6.0
-54.7
-47.2
10.8
24.7
Next three months
6.5
6.6
-29.0
-20.4
-8.8
-1.0
Insurance companies and pension funds
Past three months
8.4
5.9
-53.7
-45.7
9.6
23.3
Next three months
7.4
7.5
-29.0
-19.3
-7.7
-1.5
Other asset managers
Past three months
7.4
5.9
-53.2
-45.7
10.6
24.3
Next three months
7.4
7.5
-27.8
-19.3
-8.7
0.0
5. Factors affecting the proportion of total capital accounted for by additional Tier 1 and Tier 2 capital instruments:
Changing economic outlook
Past three months
13.4
13.4
-5.4
8.0
14.2
-2.0
Next three months
5.4
-7.2
-13.4
-5.4
6.2
6.1
Strategic decisions to change mix of capital
Past three months
3.6
3.2
0.0
-14.0
0.0
-2.1
Next three months
-0.5
-0.8
-9.5
-13.4
-1.7
0.0
Regulatory drivers
Past three months
-6.3
-7.1
-16.7
0.0
0.0
0.0
Next three months
-17.1
-10.3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Market conditions
Past three months
19.6
19.6
0.0
0.0
-13.5
2.6
Next three months
0.0
0.8
2.4
-12.7
-13.5
2.6
Investor demand
Past three months
8.2
9.2
0.0
-5.5
-9.3
8.3
Next three months
0.0
1.0
2.5
-5.5
-9.3
8.3
Footnotes
- * Data are unpublished for this question as too few responses were received.
- (a) Net percentage balances are calculated by weighting together the responses of those banks who answered the question by their market shares. Positive balances indicate that banks, on balance, reported/expected volumes or proportions of funding to be higher than over the previous/current three-month period; demand or supply factors to have contributed positively to volumes; or spreads to have increased relative to the previous/current three-month period (ie become more costly).
The methodology for calculating, and interpretation of the aggregate results are as described in Annex 2. A full set of results is available in Excel file at the end of this page.
Net percentage balances (a)
2021
2022
Q3
Q4
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
Transfer price
1. How has the average absolute cost of providing funds to business units changed?
How has the average absolute cost of providing funds to business units changed?
Past three months
-7.6
2.1
8.3
34.8
63.9
54.9
Next three months
-5.4
10.3
26.8
32.6
41.6
23.0
2. How has the marginal absolute cost of providing funds to business units changed (sometimes referred to as the ‘transfer price’)?
How has the marginal absolute cost of providing funds to business units changed?
Past three months
-15.4
32.3
25.0
50.6
84.5
54.7
Next three months
8.7
1.2
47.1
44.5
48.6
27.2
3. Factors affecting the marginal absolute cost of providing funds to business units (sometimes referred to as the 'transfer price'):
Common equity capital
Past three months
0.0
0.0
4.1
3.2
1.6
3.2
Next three months
0.0
0.0
0.0
1.6
1.6
-1.6
Debt capital
Past three months
-1.8
1.1
-11.6
16.0
16.2
13.4
Next three months
11.7
-10.6
1.4
10.8
12.2
-15.1
Retail deposit spreads relative to appropriate reference rate(s)
Past three months
-1.8
-1.7
-19.9
-28.5
-25.3
-38.5
Next three months
1.1
-8.4
15.9
-21.9
-21.6
-15.7
Short-term wholesale funding spreads relative to appropriate reference rate(s)
Past three months
-7.1
-37.4
-6.7
6.4
2.9
40.0
Next three months
-13.2
13.2
5.9
22.0
8.4
-2.5
Long-term secured wholesale funding spreads relative to appropriate reference rate(s)
Past three months
-9.8
15.5
22.3
10.1
46.2
34.2
Next three months
0.8
0.0
32.1
29.6
35.9
5.5
Long-term unsecured wholesale funding spreads relative to appropriate reference rate(s)
Past three months
-13.0
10.3
9.7
25.6
35.1
47.1
Next three months
1.1
1.1
23.1
31.8
20.9
-5.3
Swaps or other reference rates
Past three months
12.1
36.9
49.8
52.2
71.5
79.3
Next three months
10.9
0.4
22.3
18.6
34.0
14.5
4. At what approximate frequency do you currently update the marginal absolute cost of providing funds to business units (sometimes referred to as the 'transfer price')? (b)
Frequency of transfer price update
Past three months
70.3
27.3
27.3
23.8
32.3
24.2
Footnotes
- (a) Net percentage balances are calculated by weighting together the responses of those banks who answered the question by their market shares. Positive balances indicate that banks, on balance, reported/expected volumes or proportions of funding to be higher than over the previous/current three-month period; demand or supply factors to have contributed positively to volumes; or spreads to have increased relative to the previous/current three-month period (ie become more costly).
- (b) Unlike the other questions in this survey, banks were asked to select the frequency at which they updated their transfer price. This was converted into a number of days. Then a weighted average response, based on lenders’ market shares, was calculated.
Next publication date: 13 April 2023
ISSN 2052-3483
