CHAPS

What is CHAPS (Clearing House Automated Payment System)?

Responsibility for the CHAPS system transferred to the Bank of England in November 2017.

CHAPS is one of the largest high-value payment systems in the world, providing efficient, settlement risk-free and irrevocable payments. There are over 30 direct participants and over five thousand financial institutions that make CHAPS payments through one of the direct participants. 

The CHAPS Clearing Company website has been archived by The National Archives.

View the archived CHAPS Co website

How does CHAPS work?

Payment obligations between direct participants are settled individually on a gross basis in RTGS on the same day that they are submitted. The transfer of funds is irrevocable between the direct participants.

Operating hours: The CHAPS system opens at 6am each working day. Participants must be open to receive by 8am and must send by 10am. CHAPS closes at 6pm for bank-to-bank payments. Customer payments must be submitted by 5.40pm. 

What are the benefits of CHAPS payments?

Direct access to CHAPS supports secure and efficient provision of high value, same day payments from payment service providers to their customers. There is no minimum or maximum payment limit.

High level of operational resilience based on the Bank’s real-time gross settlement infrastructure and the SWIFT messaging network.

Settlement risk is eliminated between CHAPS direct participants, at the cost of an increased need for liquidity, making this model best suited to a high-value payment system with the largest potential systemic risk.

Requirements for Direct Access to CHAPS

To become and remain a CHAPS direct participant an organisation must meet certain criteria. If you would like to know more about direct access please contact chapsenquiries@bankofengland.co.uk

An organisation must:

• Hold a reserves or settlement account at the Bank
• Be participant within the definition set out in the Financial Markets and Insolvency Regulations 1999
• If domiciled outside England and Wales, provide information about company status and settlement finality through a legal opinion
• Satisfy the Bank on security and resilience arrangements through a standard attestation process
• Comply with the CHAPS Reference Manual on an ongoing basis

Technical requirements include access to the SWIFT network compromising one or more BICs, use of SWIFT FIN Copy, appropriate interfaces to connect to the SWIFT network and process messages. Other important components are access to an Enquiry Link facility provided by the Bank and the Extended Industry Sort Code Database which is supplied by VocaLink.

Access to UK payment systems

Introduction to the UK's payment schemes

Cost of Direct Access to CHAPS

The cost of direct participation in CHAPS includes one-off set-up costs, such as the cost of developing the necessary hardware, software and processes to connect to CHAPS and establishing sufficient expertise amongst staff. They also involve a potentially significant level of ongoing cost, such as fees and other participation costs; opportunity costs of providing collateral or holding liquid assets; hardware and software maintenance; and higher staffing costs. 

We charge CHAPS Scheme fees to Direct Participants with an annual participant charge and a per-item fee. We do not charge a joining fee but certain costs, such as external legal fees, may be recovered from Direct Participants.

Other costs that CHAPS Direct Participants can expect to incur are:

• VocaLink charges for status changes within the Extended Industry Sort Code Directory (EISCD)
• SWIFT tariff fees and charges for CHAPS payment and advice messages
• Regulatory fees, including from the Payment Systems Regulator
• Hardware and software costs such as a payments gateway or using the services of a technical aggregator 

CHAPS payments for customers

Indirect participants access the CHAPS system through one of the Direct Participants based on a commercial and contractual arrangement. The Direct Participant makes and receives payments on behalf of indirect participants and other customers including business and individuals. 

• Various organisations provide advice to help prevent fraud and implement security policies to help reduce the risk of successful cyber-threats .For issues with specific payments, users should contact their bank, building society or other payment service providers.

• In 2015, the Payment Systems Regulator found that indirect participants typically pay around £2 to £3 per CHAPS payment, with a maximum of £30. End-users typically pay between £25 and £30.

Engagement with CHAPS users

We undertake a range of layered engagement and communication with CHAPS users. This covers financial institutions with direct and indirect access to CHAPS as well as end-users. 

Strategic Advisory Forum

We host a CHAPS Strategic Advisory Forum. This is a small focused group to discuss, and provide feedback and advice on, the strategic direction of CHAPS with the Bank. It is chaired by Kevin Brown, one of the independent members of the CHAPS/RTGS Board and meets 4 times a year.

The Forum’s fourteen external members are senior, experienced executives with a good understanding of the broad interests of their sector.  The members are drawn from banks, other financial institutions, payment service providers and end-users. However, membership is in an individual capacity, not as a direct representative of their respective organisations. 

Communicating with users

We are committed to giving appropriate voice to users in how we govern the CHAPS system. While the Strategic Advisory Forum has a vital role to play, we appreciate there is a large and diverse population of stakeholders with different interests.

We will communicate with CHAPS users through a layered approach. Some communication will come directly from us. Communication will include two-way engagement for us to seek views from, and respond to, users. In some instances, we will engage through other organisations, such as trade associations, to effectively reach a wider population.   

Board minutes from the CHAPS Clearing Company (the previous operator) are available through The National Archives or via chapsenquiries@bankofengland.co.uk

View the Board documents

CHAPS statistics

Last month

• In January 2021, CHAPS processed 3.5 million payments worth £7.4 trillion over 20 settlement processing days.
• The average daily volume was 176,967, a decrease of 5.0% from January 2020.
• The average daily value was £370 billion, an increase of 12.7% from January 2020.

Last year

• In 2020, CHAPS volumes declined by 8.5% to 44.5 million; on average 175,346 per day.
• CHAPS volumes were affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. 
• The total value transmitted in CHAPS in the 12 months to December 2020  grew by 10.2% to a record £91.9 trillion; on average £361.8 billion daily.

CHAPS record days

• Volumes: Thursday 29 March 2018, the day before the Easter break, and the last working day of the quarter, saw a record 320,034 payments, worth £463bn, beating the 11-year record by 38,000 (13%). Ongoing steady growth in CHAPS volumes over the previous five years outstripped migration to newer alternative methods of payment.
• Values: The all-time peak value day was on 30 November 2020, when £485 billion was settled in CHAPS. In November, there was a confluence of high activity across many of the markets served by CHAPS, including unsecured money markets, settlement of foreign exchange, and flows with other financial market infrastructure. This new record exceeded the previous record of £479 billion on 18 March 2020.

CHAPS in context

• CHAPS represents 0.5% of UK total payment volumes but 92% of total sterling payment values (excluding internalised flows within payment service providers).
• CHAPS turns over the annual UK GDP every 6 working days.

Market effects

• Most of CHAPS value (74% in 2019) derives from wholesale financial transactions. The flattening of CHAPS value in 2019 is linked to decline in short-term lending (money markets) payments in CHAPS. This correlates with an 8% year-on-year decline in value in 2019 of short-term unsecured loans reported to the Bank of England, while the value of secured loans grew.
• Wholesale financial use of CHAPS grew in 2019, balancing the downward effects above, with 6% volume growth and 2% value growth overall in these payments.

• Quarterly statistical release - Q2 2020
• Annual summary of Payment Statistics 2019

The two reports above (quarterly and annual UK payment system statistics) are reported on behalf of CHAPS and the other payment system operators by the Data and Analytics team at Pay.UK. Please contact them on 020 3217 8720 or by email inform@camis.org.uk for monthly statistics, previous reports or with other queries about these reports. For enquiries about CHAPS statistics: please contact the Bank of England press office on 020 3461 4411 or by email press@bankofengland.co.uk.

CHAPS Volumes for the previous 12 months

CHAPS Values for the previous 12 months