Banknote FAQs

Includes information about how to exchange withdrawn notes and checking for authenticity

Banknote imagery selection

  • As the central bank of the UK, one of our most important roles is to make sure that you have a choice in how you pay for things that you can do so safely. 

    While the use of cash for transactions has declined over the past twenty years, it is still the preferred payment method for about one in seven people, and is used by many more. The value of cash in circulation has also continued to increase, reaching £91.5 billion at the end of February 2026.

    It is important that the public can continue to use cash with confidence. To ensure our banknotes remain secure, we periodically issue a new series which incorporates the latest security features to help prevent counterfeits. When we issue a new series, we also usually update the imagery on banknotes to help the public easily distinguish them.

    When redesigning banknotes, we also want to make sure they are accessible. The new series will continue to incorporate features to help blind and partially sighted people identify their value. 

    The sizes of the banknotes and the overall colour scheme will not change. We will continue to include a portrait of the monarch. 

  • We have been issuing notes since soon after the Bank was founded in 1694. Since then, we have updated them periodically to incorporate the newest security and accessibility features. With each redesign, we have changed the visual imagery so that you can easily tell the difference between the old and new banknotes. 

    Until the 1920s, all the Bank’s banknotes had a single-sided, calligraphic design. Multi-coloured, graphic designs were introduced in the late 1920s. Since 1970, we have showcased historical figures who have helped shape national thought, innovation, leadership and values on our banknotes. This includes our current series, which features portraits of Winston Churchill (£5), Jane Austen (£10), JMW Turner (£20) and Alan Turing (£50). While there are many other inspirational historical figures from a range of backgrounds who could feature on our banknotes, there are many other ways to celebrate the UK.  

    In 2025, we asked the public which theme they would like us to use on the next series of our banknotes. Nature received the highest proportion of nominations, as well as the most support in the focus groups we commissioned. Much of the feedback referred to images of animals that are native to the UK. This reflects how important wildlife is to the public. Animals are vital to our landscapes, ecosystems and everyday lives. They have long inspired iconic works of art, music and literature, and we are excited to showcase them on our next series of banknotes. 

    In line with our criteria that the chosen theme should support banknote authentication, we also judged that animal images would be effective for developing banknotes with security features that are easy for the public to recognise. The chosen animal imagery will be combined with security technology to help prevent counterfeiting. Animals are especially well suited for this, giving us many options to use recognisable forms and movements within the security features. 

    We will also showcase other elements from nature (eg plants and landscapes) as secondary parts of the design, such as the background. 

  • We worked with a panel of wildlife experts to develop a shortlist of animals for you to choose from.

    When deciding which animals to shortlist, the panel and the Bank considered a range of factors. The considerations included that the animals should be able to support banknote authentication, help the public clearly identify each denomination and are able to symbolise the UK. Therefore, the shortlist only includes animals native to the UK that are easily recognisable and can easily be integrated with the security features which will be included on the banknote.  

    The shortlist includes a variety of animals from a range of environments across the UK. This is important to help ensure that all four banknotes are distinct from and also able to complement each other as a series.  

    Only the animals on the shortlist published today will feature as the main images on the new series. We are not seeking any alternative nominations. 

  • Katy Bell – Ulster wildlife
    Katy Bell is Senior Conservation Officer at Ulster Wildlife, managing species conservation projects across Northern Ireland. Katy holds a BSc Hons in Zoology from the University of Edinburgh and a Masters in Ecology and Conservation Biology from Queen's University Belfast. Katy has worked in various research, ecology and conservation roles for universities and environmental NGOs.

    Gordon Buchanan MBE – wildlife filmmaker
    Gordon Buchanan is a renowned wildlife filmmaker and Sunday Times best-selling author who has worked on numerous BBC documentaries, including the popular The Family & Me series. With a career dedicated to capturing intimate wildlife stories, he was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) for services to conservation and wildlife filmmaking.

    Miranda Krestovnikoff – wildlife presenter
    Miranda Krestovnikoff is a television and radio presenter and author specialising in natural history and environmental programming, including on BBC’s The One Show and Coast. She is vice president of the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds and a patron of numerous other wildlife organisations in the UK.

    Steve Ormerod – Cardiff University
    Steve Ormerod is a professor in the School of Biosciences at Cardiff University, specialising in freshwater ecology. Steve holds a PhD in river ecology from Cardiff and is also deputy chairman of Natural Resources Wales and a member of the UK Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 

    Nadeem Perera – wildlife presenter  
    Nadeem Perera is a television presenter, author and cultural strategist working at the intersection of nature and identity. He is the founder of Hero Hyena, a culture led creative studio exploring wildlife through contemporary storytelling. Nadeem has appeared on a number of wildlife programmes including BBC Two’s Springwatch and CBBC’s One Zoo Three, and co founded Flock Together, a birdwatching collective encouraging greater participation in nature among underrepresented communities.

    Dawn Scott – Nottingham Trent University 
    Dawn Scott is Executive Dean of the School of Animal, Rural and Environmental Sciences at Nottingham Trent University. Dawn is a Professor of Mammal Ecology and Conservation. She holds a PhD from the University of Durham and has served as trustee for a Wildlife Trust as well as a council member for The Mammal Society, a charity committed to the research and preservation of British mammals.

  • The consultation will close at 11.59pm BST on Friday 3 July 2026. We are keen to hear the public’s views, which will be an important consideration in making our final decision on the design.   

    Each denomination (£5, £10, £20, £50) will also need to be easy to tell apart. It is important that there are four distinct animals across the four denominations and that they are able to represent different environments from across the UK.  

    Taking this into account, it is possible that the Bank may not necessarily choose the four animals that receive the highest number of responses. Andrew Bailey, the Governor of the Bank of England, will make the final decision, taking into account the public’s feedback. The Bank will announce the outcome of this consultation by the end of 2026.    

    It will be a number of years before the next series is launched. It is a detailed, multi-year process to design, test and print the notes, ensuring they are high-quality, resilient, accessible and incorporate the latest anti-counterfeiting technology. 

  • Andrew Bailey, the Governor, will make the final decision, taking into account the public’s feedback. 

    An internal advisory group, the Banknote Imagery Advisory Group, assessed the findings of the 2025 public consultation and focus groups on banknote themes. The Group then advised the Governor on the choice of theme and will also advise him on the specific wildlife to depict the chosen theme. 

    For more information on the Banknote imagery advisory group, please see the group’s Terms of Reference and the minutes from their meetings. 

    Following the Governor’s decision on the theme for the next series of banknotes, a panel of wildlife experts from across the UK was asked to help create a list of wildlife for the public to choose from in a second consultation. For more information on the expert panel, please see the terms of reference and minutes from their meetings.   

More FAQs

King Charles III banknotes

  • We started issuing banknotes with the King's portrait on 5 June 2024. Although it appears on all four denominations of our polymer notes (£5, £10, £20 and £50), the rest of the design remains the same. 

  • Yes. 

    Banknotes that feature the portrait of the late queen remain legal tender and are co-circulating alongside Charles III notes.

  • Banknotes featuring the portrait of Elizabeth II are still legal tender. There is no need to exchange them.

    The Bank’s counter at our Threadneedle Street building will only issue Elizabeth II banknotes.

  • We do not produce or sell commemorative notes. Notes are always worth face value to us.

  • Yes.

    Sir Winston Churchill, Jane Austen, JMW Turner and Alan Turing will remain on the £5, £10, £20 and £50 notes that feature the King's portrait, respectively. This will change with the design and release of Series H.

  • We will only print banknotes to replace those that are worn and to meet any overall increase in demand. Our approach is in line with guidance from the royal household.

  • Yes.

    However, we are only responsible for Bank of England notes. For information on coins, please visit the Royal Mint.

Exchanging old banknotes

  • Many banks accept withdrawn notes as deposits from customers. The Post Office will also accept withdrawn notes as a deposit into any bank account you can access at the Post Office. And you can always exchange withdrawn notes with us directly.

  • We can only exchange old banknotes issued by the Bank of England. To exchange old foreign currency, you should contact the banknote issuer in the relevant country.

  • You can exchange old Bank of England notes by post.

  • No. But you may need to fill in one of our forms or provide photo identification and proof of address. 

    Find out what you need to do in Exchanging banknotes by post or Exchanging banknotes in person on our website.

  • No, all Bank of England notes are worth their face value for all time.

Checking banknotes are genuine

  • We provide a range of free education materials about our notes and their security features. These include leaflets and posters that you can download or order online, as well as short films and online training.

  • A UV lamp that emits light at about 365 nanometres is ideal for checking the fluorescent features on our notes. We do not advise using light emitting diode (LED) devices, such as key fob-style detectors because these often emit light above 365 nanometres.

  • No. Detector pens do not spot counterfeits printed on polymer. 

  • Contact the police if you suspect a note is counterfeit. They will give you a receipt and send it to us for analysis. If the police tell you the note is not required to support a criminal investigation, you can take it to your bank as a suspect counterfeit. If it is genuine, you will be reimbursed.

    If you are a business, see the Advice for retailers and businesses section on our website for advice on what to do with counterfeit notes.

Banknote features for blind and partially sighted people

  • Each denomination is a different size. The higher the value of a note, the larger it is.

    On the front of the notes (the side with raised print), you can identify the value by the number of clusters of raised dots in the top left corner. The £5 has none, the £10 has two, the £20 has three and the £50 has four.

  • We have looked into using braille but, according to the Royal National Institute of Blind People, many partially sighted people do not read it. Braille is also language-specific, which means any that we used would only make sense in English.

Damaged banknotes

  • We will reimburse you the full amount for genuine notes that have been accidentally damaged (provided there are sufficient fragments or remains). As a general rule, there should be evidence of at least half the note. You can read more about damaged and contaminated banknotes.

  • We can only exchange damaged banknotes issued by the Bank of England. To exchange damaged foreign currency, you should contact the banknote issuer in the relevant country.

  • While polymer notes are more durable, they are not indestructible. Over time, they could become worn, which can include damage to the foil. As part of the banknote lifecycle, worn banknotes are removed from circulation and replaced with new notes. We remove hundreds of millions from circulation every year.

    If your note is heavily damaged we will exchange it for a new note.

General banknote questions

  • Like any other surface that large numbers of people come into contact with, banknotes can carry bacteria or viruses. However, the risk posed by handling a banknote is no greater than touching any other common surface, such as handrails, doorknobs or credit cards.

  • We do not produce commemorative notes as such, although depicting a notable historical figure on the back of each is a form of commemoration.

  • The words ‘I promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of five/ten/twenty/fifty pounds’ appear on all of our notes. This phrase dates from back when our notes represented deposits of gold. At that time, a member of the public could exchange one of our banknotes for gold of the same value. For example, a £5 note could be exchanged for five gold coins, called sovereigns.

    However, the value of the pound has not been linked to gold for many years, so the meaning of the promise to pay has changed. You can no longer exchange banknotes for gold. You can only exchange them for other Bank of England notes of the same face value. 

  • Most people think that if something is legal tender, it means a shop or business is obliged to accept the payment form. But that is not the case.

    Legal tender has a narrow technical meaning that will rarely come up in everyday life. The law ensures that if you offer to fully pay off a debt to someone in a form that is considered legal tender – and there is no contract specifying another form of payment – that person cannot sue you for failing to repay. 

    What is classed as legal tender varies throughout the UK. In England and Wales, Royal Mint coins and Bank of England notes are legal tender. 

    In Scotland and Northern Ireland, only Royal Mint coins are legal tender. Throughout the UK, there are some restrictions when using the lower value coins as legal tender. For example, 1p and 2p coins only count as legal tender for any amount up to 20p.

    Find out more about legal tender.

  • Our Chief Cashier’s signature is on every one of our banknotes. Chief Cashiers sign banknotes on behalf of the Bank to demonstrate our promise to pay the value of the note for all time. 

    Our banknotes are updated to reflect any change of Chief Cashier. There are some notes in circulation with the signatures of previous ones. These remain legal tender.

  • Under the Currency and Banknotes Act 1928, it is illegal to deface our banknotes (by printing, writing or impressing upon them words, letters or figures etc). The police and courts will decide whether they will prosecute if this happens.

  • We started producing banknotes shortly after our establishment in 1694. You can see examples of every note we have ever made in the online collections from our museum.

    The museum also has artwork by banknote designers, machinery and equipment relating to production and examples of counterfeit and imitation notes. It is the largest collection of Bank of England notes and associated material in the world.

Production of banknotes

  • Our banknotes are printed in Essex by De La Rue Currency. They use components from a wide range of suppliers.

  • In 2016, we issued our first banknote made of polymer – a thin, flexible plastic material. The polymer used in our banknotes is polypropylene, which is formed into a durable yet lightweight plastic film. It is coated with layers of special ink, which carry the printed design of a banknote. The polymer material allows us to include ‘windows’ or clear sections in the design, which makes them harder to forge.

    Specialist paper manufacturers made the material for our withdrawn, paper banknotes. Most paper is made out of wood pulp, but the paper we used was made from cotton.

  • No. Our direct involvement in wholesale cash distribution is limited to issuing new banknotes, withdrawing banknotes when a new series is launched and destroying those that are no longer fit for circulation.

  • Since 2011, we have recycled most of our old paper banknotes. They are either used to create a soil improver or processed at an energy recovery facility to generate electricity. 

    As composting is not suitable for polymer notes, we commissioned an independent third party to conduct a lifecycle study assessing the environmental impacts of different waste treatment options. The study used international standards (ISO 14040:2006 and 14044:2006) for the assessment and it was externally reviewed by a panel of industry experts. Recycling was the most favourable option. As a result, we have secured a UK-based recycling solution, which will see polymer banknotes turned into pellets and then into new plastic items such as plant pots.

Polymer banknotes

  • Polymer is a thin and flexible plastic material.

  • We decided to move to polymer notes because they are cleaner, safer and stronger than paper. Polymer notes provide enhanced counterfeit resilience and increase the quality of notes in circulation. They are also more environmentally friendly because they last longer and can be recycled into new plastic items.

    You can read more about why polymer notes are better for the environment in our life cycle assessment of paper and polymer notes, life cycle assessment of management options for polymer waste from banknotes and our 2017 report, carbon footprint assessment: paper vs polymer £5 and £10 banknotes.

  • New polymer notes can feel slippery. They feel less slippery after they have been in circulation for a while. 

    Polymer notes have areas of raised print, which make them more tactile.

  • Brand new polymer notes can sometimes stick together – as can brand new paper notes.

  • Polymer notes begin to shrink and melt at temperatures above 120C. For example, they can be damaged by an iron.

  • Polymer notes are increasingly used around the world because of their aforementioned advantages over paper. More than 30 countries issue polymer notes. These include Australia (who introduced them in 1988), New Zealand, Mexico, Singapore and Canada. 

  • In 2016, we found out there is a trace of animal-derived product in our £5 polymer notes. Our investigation discovered that a tiny amount of tallow (less than one part per thousand) is used in an early stage of the production process of polymer pellets. These pellets are used to create the base substrate for our polymer notes.  

    We did not know about this issue when we signed the contract for our polymer supply. During our research, we found out that many household goods use animal-derived additives. For example, cosmetics, plastic carrier bags and household detergent bottles. They are also commonly used to make plastics for other payment methods, eg debit and credit cards and mobile phones.

    The only viable alternative for polymer notes is to use chemicals ultimately derived from palm oil. We asked the public what they thought about both of these options in a full public consultation. We provided a range of relevant information, including outreach and discussions with potentially affected groups. 

    After careful consideration, we decided not to change the composition of polymer we use for our banknotes. Some of the important issues we considered thoroughly were: 

    • our responsibility to issue and maintain the supply of high-quality and secure banknotes
    • our obligations under the Equality Act 2010
    • concerns about the use of animal-derived products

    You can read more about our decision on the composition of polymer banknotes. 

  • Our Q&A library for retailers and businesses offers advice and guidance on adapting cash-handling machines.

Note Circulation Scheme

  • The Note Circulation Scheme (NCS) governs the distribution, processing and storage of our banknotes. It provides a framework for the wholesale commercial cash industry, which helps encourage efficiencies in their banknote operations. Legal agreements and rules underpin how the NCS operates. The following companies are members of the NCS:

    • G4S Cash Solutions
    • Post Office
    • National Westminster Bank
    • Vaultex UK

  • They supply banknotes to their customers from cash centres around the UK. Banknotes enter circulation when the NCS members distribute them to banks, building societies, automated teller machine (ATM) operators and large retailers.

    Public demand for banknotes varies throughout the year. It increases significantly around Christmas, Easter, other bank holidays and major public events.

  • For more details about how the NCS works, see our Note Circulation Scheme webpage.

Retailers and other businesses

  • We offer online banknote training as well as a range of short films about our notes and their security features. You can also download our free training materials or order them online from our information for retailers and businesses webpage.

  • Our free Banknote Checking Scheme promotes inspecting notes at point of sale by keeping businesses up to date with the latest information and training tools. Its aim is to reduce the number of counterfeit notes in circulation and to reduce losses to businesses. Sign up to support the Banknote Checking Scheme.

  • The Banknote Checking Scheme is the best way for businesses. But anyone with an interest in banknotes can sign up to our Banknote Bulletin email.

  • We can give banknote equipment manufacturers access to test new banknotes before we issue them. For more information, email cashindustry.enquiries@bankofengland.co.uk.

  • We encourage manufacturers of machines that automatically check, accept or sort notes to test their machines' capabilities at the Bank. Re-testing is required annually and successful machines are listed on our website. This process helps to maintain confidence in our notes and allows companies to make informed choices about the equipment they use and buy. See our information for retailers and businesses.

  • Cash-handling machines will need to be adapted for the new banknotes. This includes self-service checkouts, ATMs, ticket machines and any other machine that weighs, counts, sorts, accepts, dispenses or recycles banknotes.

    This is likely to require a software update, which is standard practice when we issue a new banknote design. Some machines may require additional hardware upgrades because of the change to a new material and the reduction in banknote size.

    If your business uses cash-handling machines, you should engage directly with the machine manufacturer to discuss what adaptations will be required. Before purchasing a new one, you should ask if it is compatible with the new banknotes.

    We have a list of machine manufacturers that we have offered access to test banknotes. If your manufacturer is not listed, please let us know at cashindustry.enquiries@bankofengland.co.uk.

  • Sometimes, retailers and businesses use banknotes received from customers to fill their own note-dispensing machines, such as ATMs and self-service tills. This is known as local recycling. In these situations, notes are not returned to the Note Circulation Scheme (NCS) and authenticated. The Bank and the cash industry sponsor a local recycling code, to encourage retailers and business to authenticate banknotes when they are locally recycled.

Serial numbers

  • We donate some banknotes with significant or low serial numbers to people or institutions that were involved in developing the note or who traditionally receive a note when a new series is issued. For example, the monarch receives AA01 000001. 

  • Certain examples of our notes may be of interest to collectors. We cannot advise in this respect, since banknotes are only ever worth their face value to us. If you want to find out whether certain banknotes have any additional worth, we suggest you approach a banknote dealer.

Using images of banknotes

  • We allow you to use images of our banknotes if you comply with our reproduction conditions. Find out what you need to know before using images of our banknotes.

  • You can download images of banknotes that meet our conditions from our banknote image library and our withdrawn notes gallery.

  • No – as long as you have met our conditions you do not need our approval.

  • You don’t need to. Our banknote reproductions policy was updated in February 2019, so formal application and approval are no longer required. We also no longer impose a time limit on our reproduction permissions.

  • No.

    This is considered a novelty banknote and does not meet our conditions. There have been cases where people have mistakenly accepted notes that have been altered this way as genuine.

  • No.

    This is considered a novelty banknote and does not meet our conditions. A solid text box can be added to the note or text can be printed on the back.

  • Anything that isn’t thin, flexible plastic (eg ceramic, towels and cardboard).

  • No. Banknote reproductions must be an exact copy or bear no resemblance to our banknotes or contain none of their design elements. 

    If your reproduction does not have any of our banknote features on it, we would consider this a voucher rather than a banknote. So, it would not need to meet our reproduction requirements.

  • No – we are only responsible for Bank of England notes. You will need to check with the Royal Mint to find out what you need to do if you want to use images of coins.

  • No. We are responsible for Bank of England notes only so our conditions only apply to our banknote images. 

    For Scottish and Northern Ireland banknotes, you need to check with the relevant issuing banks. Please see the Committee of Commercial Banknote Issuers website for contact details. For Treasury banknotes issued between 1914 and 1928, you need to check with the Debt Management Office.

Other banknotes and coins

  • Please visit our UK notes and coins webpage.

  • The Isle of Man, Jersey and Guernsey are outside the UK, so they issue their own banknotes. You can find more information from the following sources: 

  • Some towns and cities in the UK have launched their own currencies, often in the form of physical vouchers. These are often used to encourage people to spend more in nearby shops and businesses. 

    These schemes all work in different ways, but it is important to remember that local currencies do not give you the same level of protection as banknotes. Although local currencies may sometimes look like banknotes, they are not linked in any way to the Bank and they are not legal tender. So, if a local currency scheme fails, we cannot provide compensation.

  • Please visit our Scottish and Northern Ireland banknotes webpage for information. 

Back to top

This page was last updated 15 June 2026